Crossroads of Tibet :: miscellaneous

Crossroads of Tibet Tibet, the roof of the world, is the highest and the most isolated country on earth. Located between China and Nepal, imagine a place tucked safely away from the world, hidden by walls of snowcapped mountains, rich with strange beauty and innocence. Tibetans are very confined people, their clothes are plain and simple like ropes but are actually silky and thick, unlike Chinese gowns which are flamboyant. They may have old fetchers but that is because the cold makes them look dry and old, but they are actually very pleasant people. During those days, they did not allow foreigners to enter their country. They were not hiding anything but they believed that foreign people would want to modernize their country, which they were against. Tibetans want to maintain their culture without changes, like a time capsule. Tibetans believe that walking for a long distance to holy places purifies the bad deeds they have committed; and that the more difficult the journey, the greater the depth of the purification. In 1949, Chairman Moa Tse-Tung was triumphantly proclaimed leader of the new People’s Republic of China, vowing that the first task of the communist regime, was to reunite the Chinese motherland. He declared that remote kingdom of Tibet was an integral part of Chinese territory and must rejoin the great republic. As the news passed to the ears of the Tibetan government, they replied firmly that â€Å"The government of Tibet recognizes no foreign sovereign, and we are an Independent Nation and all Chinese officials will be expelled from Tibet, and have a safe and pleasant return to China†. The government of Tibet knew that they would have a war against China which they did not intend to for it to happen and in the early 1950’s His Holiness, the 14th Dalai Lama was called upon to assume full political power of Head of State, when Tibet was threatened by the might of China. His Holiness, Tenzin Gyatso, at the age of 12 was the spiritual and temporal leader of the Tibetan people, was recognised as the reincarnation of his predecessor, the 13th Dalai Lama, was born in a small village of Takster – Northeast of Tibet. His Holiness dreamt that the village of Takster in Amdo including the northern border regions of Tibet was secured by the Chinese killing every man, woman and child. In his dream, images of monks were forced against their own will to point a gun to each other’s head.

Cultural Tourism in Nigeria

INDIVIDUAL ESSAY Essay Title: Cultural tourism festivals and events in Nigeria Name: Deborah Vincentsdaughter TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents INTRODUCTION3 Cultural tourism3 LITERATURE REVIEW4 Festivals and events4 Cultural festivals in Nigeria5 Festivals and impacts6 Igue festival6 New yam Festival (Iri ji Ohuru/iwa ji7 Gbagyi Gbodogun8 CRITICAL ANALYSIS11 CONCLUSION11 REFERENCES12 INTRODUCTION Tourism generally has to do a lot with social activities. A typical example is the adventure tourism which is a type of tourism that provides an opportunity for people to challenge nature and everything about it.This type of tourism provides opportunities for activities such as: Hand gliding and Para sailing which are grouped under hard adventure; while hot sports and wild life are grouped under soft adventure. The chambers dictionary has defined tourism as the events of tourists and those who make it available for them. Tourism as defined in a book says that it is the study of how good human bein gs can cope when they are away from their normal habitats, of the industry that meet his needs and lastly of the impacts that both he and the industry have on the host’s in such ways; sociocultural, economic and physical environments. Jafari 1977) Getting information from another book about tourism, differences in the definitions of tourism could be traced to the following approaches; Economic, technical and holistic. 1. Economic definitions emphasizes on the business area of tourism, but if it were to be criticized by leiper(1979) that it fails to even discuss about the tourist and his motivations or limitations in travelling. 2. Technical approach to the definition of tourism aims at mainly the governments and the tourism industry organizations that want to monitor the size and other important issues about tourists markets. . In 1942 holistic type defined tourism as â€Å"the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so fa r as they don’t lead to permanent residence are not connected to any earning activity. Cultural tourism Cultural tourism is a part of tourism. This part of tourism is an activity in which a particular group of people in a definite area present their heritage or cultural assets for tourists to see and appreaciate.The UNWTO(united nations world tourism organization) produced two definitions based on two approaches which are; * The narrow definition-derived from the professional, product-based approach to defining cultural tourism. This definition includes ‘movement of persons for basically cultural motivations such as; study tours, performing arts, cultural tours, travel to festivals and so many other cultural events, visits to sites, travel to study nature, folklore and pilgrimages(Richards 1996:22) * The wide definition-is based on conceptual, process-based approach.Has to do with the migration of persons because they satisfy the human need for diversity, tending to rai se the cultural level of the individual and giving rise to new knowledge, experience and encounters(Richards 1996:22) Cultural tourism involves four elements according to my research and they are as follows; * Tourism * Use of cultural heritage assets * Consumption of experiences and products * The tourist(cultural tourists) According to ICOMOS (International council on monuments and sites) observed that â€Å"cultural tourism means many things to many people and herein it’s strengths and weaknesses†.This part of tourism is also known as a form of special tourism where culture plays the role of either attracting tourists or motivating people to travel (McIntosh and Goeldner 1992: Zeppel 1992; Ap 1992). LITERATURE REVIEW Festivals and events In this section, festivals and events in Nigeria will be discussed fully and their impacts analysed. It will be wise to discuss what festivals are all about first before going on to other things.Festivals are an important expression of human activity that contribute much to our social and cultural life and that they are also increasingly linked to generating business activity and providing income for their host communities(Ellen et all 2002). In some cases festivals are not observed with the motive of attracting tourists, their nature,destination,range of performers and productions in one place over a short period of time ,commonly in the summer months, encourages viewers(people) far and near/all over to come. They can take many forms, eg. music-rock, pop, jazz and folk types of music.There are also wine and cultural festivals. EVENTS INDUSTRY-this is an industry where festivals are grouped under. Cultural festivals in Nigeria Nigeria has so many festivals that have been in existence since the time of our ancestors, until the arrival of different religions as we have today but still yet festivals are taken as important occasion. Local festivals in Nigeria have a lot to do with different events such as; harvest festivals, betrothal festivals, crowning of a new chief and funerals. Today the western world and system has influenced our local festivals eg. ances that were performed by members of each village have now been transferred unknowingly to proffesionals. This country is rich in divers festivals which includes; * Egungun festival celebrated in Ijebu ode town of ogun state in May. * Odum festival celebrated by the ijaws of okirika in Benue state. Normally done in the month of April. * Barakau normally celebrated with animal sacrifices by the Fika people of Potiskun in yobe state. Done in July. * Nduku festival is known to be celebrated by the people of Ogume in Ndokwa local government area of Delta state. It is a November festival. * Igue estival this one is celebrated by the benis of Edo state in the month December. * New yam festival is done generally by the Ibo’s in Nigeria in the month of August. * Gbagyi gbodogun takes place in Gadabuke village and celebrated by the agadabu keyi’s (natives of the village) in toto local government area in Nasarawa state. Often observed at the end of the year November/December. * Oro festival is a tradional annual Yoruba event usually observed in the month of July. Among all these festivals listed out and summarized briefly, only three of them will be discussed and their impact as well in the next section.The local festivals are; 1. The Igue festival 2. New yam festival(Iri ji ohuru/iwa ji) 3. Gbagyi Gbodogun Festivals and impacts Igue festival; is the one am going to be discussing about first. It is done in the ancient city of the Benin kingdom, Benin located in Edo state in the southern part of Nigeria and takes place in the month of December. It marks the anniversary of the death of the past obas in Bini Kingdom. Igue festival usually goes on for seven days, and then on the seventh day, the conclusion is now celebrated. Sacrifices and offerings are made to the gods, songs are also sung along during the period.T he sacrifices offered are primarily used to cleanse the land, so that it becomes clean enough for the gods to be appealed. The people involved are the oba (king) of the Benin kingdom, his chiefs, subjects and the Benis of Benin, Edo state. In the past, their practices used to be sacrificing human beings for cleansing of the land to the gods until the present Oba Erediauwa came into power and stopped it. Presently such things don’t take place in the festival again, though sacrifices are being made, humans are no longer sacrificed, rather with animals for example goat.Apart from these, the Benis practice so many other things while celebrating the Igue festival which includes; the chiefs dressing in their finest traditional attires, joining the oba in songs and dances, by name Ugie Ewere. They do this with the Eben Emblem. Masquerades also perform the local dances to entertain the audience. While the festival is still on, all the Ihogbe presents symbolic Ewere leaves to the Oba. As the festival is celebrated yearly, the Oba celebrates Ugie Ewere (the anniversary of his marriage to Ewere some years back).The Bini people also use the festival as an opportunity for offering thanks to the gods for sparing their lives and request for more blessings. Public holidays are always given, and people are told not to move for that period of time. Impacts of igue festival The igue festival leaves its impacts in the lives of the Benin Edo people in these ways; * Economically; there are more activities in the area. For example a lot of people engage themselves in buying and selling in preparation of the event. * Socially; the festival creates a good publicity and image for the area. Eg. he people who come for the festival may want to re-visit the place, not just for a particular reason but to have a feeling of the environment. * Geographically; as people come from other tribes to witness the event, it gives the community an opportunity to be developed and supports environ mental enhancement. New yam Festival (Iri ji Ohuru/iwa ji); to eat a new yam/to break a new yam, that is what the words written in another language called Ibo means. Most times it depends on the village, but it is normally celebrated in the market place, where the god of the community/village is kept.The Iwa ji festival (new yam festival) is celebrated in the month of August. This festival, is all about celebrating a new yam(which is one of the most important food and first crop to be harvested in the eastern region) Old yams are brought out and discarded/consumed and the breaking of the new yam follows, it is usually done by the Igwe(king) or the chief priest depending on the destination, The people involved are the members of the village, chiefs or elders of the village, chief priest and the Igwe.In order for the festival to be a successful one, so many practices are involved which includes; sacrifices are made to the gods, to appease and thank them for fruitfulness, before the fe stival begins this is usually done by the chief priest(it is believed that their positions bestows the privilege of being intermediaries between the gods and their community),they come with the biggest sized yam for the festival, because it shows the amount of abundant fruitfulness including dishes served.Old yams are discarded or consumed in order to pave way for the new ones, Masquerades are invited to perform and entertain people, traditional gunshots announces the opening of the ceremony at times, children are being cleansed with rituals (ima cha ahu-to clean the body) because they belief that before a person takes in anything new, it is important to cleanse the body. This belief is popular among the Easterners. Most times the yam dishes are shared between friends and well-wishers in order to enjoy and celebrate with them.Sons and daughters of the Ibo community come back home from wherever they are in the world. Late Dim chukwuebuka Odumegwu Ojukwu described the events as  "the most igbo of Igbo events†, because it clearly shows the culture of the Ibos. Impacts of the new yam festival This festival impacts on lives of the locals of the eastern region in Nigeria, and they are; Positive impacts * Culturally; it strengthens the bond of the Igbos (the relationship). it reminds people of how love and unity existed and reigned among them before the civil war in the east. Socially; so many people feel happy during and after the event, because it brings their loved ones (sons and daughters) from far and near. For example Grandparents will be happy to see their children and grandchildren. * Economically; it yields the locals so much money, after they are done buying and selling. A good example for this is-people who were present at the occasion taste the yam, and would want to buy more maybe to take home or for many other reasons. Negative impacts * Culturally; sometimes people are being used for sacrifices to the gods all in the name of tradition or pre serving the culture.In addition, so many individuals get initiated into cults or fraternities which they never planned for. These initiations could be traced to the cleansing and sacrifices to the gods. Also People are being initiated into so many things. This happens because of the cleansing, sacrifices and others not mentioned. Gbagyi Gbodogun;the event takes place in northern part of Nigeria. it is being observed by the agadabukeyi’s or the Gwari people of Gadabuke village in toto local government area,in Nasarawa state. It is celebrated annually at he end of the year November/December. The festival is all about cultural values and tradition all showcasing with little sacrifices because religion has dominated tradition today. It helps to make the young ones get to know more about their customs and traditions. The people involved are the king, chiefs, governors, advocates and the villagers. Traditional dances, masquerades also display-the dance called Dawiya(the native name ),their local or cultural food is being displayed and served as well by name Zhepo.Martial arts, like the traditional martial arts are being done also,magics such as; pounding a tuber of yam on a person, and it is not painful(odi e shi-which means it is not painful in a language called Igbo),cutting an individual with a very sharp knife and it doesn’t hurt, eating razor blade and it doesn’t cut the persons mouth, pouring water into a basket and it does not lick. They normally drink palm wine, and the local food Zhepo with something to go with it. for example, garden egg soup and ponded yam.Ceremonial cleansing is being done also before the festival, traditional wears are being worn and they are called Ajesinda. This is the local food called Zhepo The Zhepo and garden egg soup mixed together Impacts of Gbagyi gbodogun Positive impacts The festival effects the locals in so many ways, a few of them are; * Socially; it is exciting for example when people watch the masquera des dance and the magicians act, it is pleasing to the eye and heart at times. Fun; people get to enjoy themselves while celebrating the festival. eg. he people acting as masquerades find it interesting scaring people (when they run, because of fear), the traditional dancers also have fun while performing at the festival. * Culturally; it awakens the gbagyi people about their culture for them to remember, to preserve, conserve and leave the culture Authentic just the way it has always been from the first days, if not because of science and technology or the 21st century age that came in and has really impacted into it. Negative impacts * Socially; the festival reunites the Gwari people. For example Gbagyi eople come together from far and near to celebrate, and through this, people get to meet new individuals. * Culturally; youths try stupid things. Eg. they go home and practice what they have seen the magicians do at the festival just to know if it true or not. At times they aspire to be magicians and have magical powers to do whatever they wished to do. CRITICAL ANALYSIS A. Is it fair for human beings to be killed all in the name of preserving culture? For example in the Igue festival human beings were being sacrificed to appease the gods.I personally believe that, no human being should be killed except the person has committed any crime punishable according to law and order. B. Can a festival be authentic, even after the foreign tourist’s impacts on them? Most at times, when foreigners grace these local events, they tend to introduce the western system to the locals who accept it and put it into practice. It takes a person who is properly educated and learned to know how to preserve their culture despite the influence of the foreign tourists. CONCLUSIONIn a nutshell, Even if Nigeria is rich in cultural festivals, there are some practices that are not supposed to be sustained anymore and there are some that are meant to be preserved and maintained. For example, sacrificing of human beings. On the other hand, it is good for foreign tourists to come for the events and educate the locals more about festivals, but the locals also need to be educated on how to preserve their culture. REFERENCES http://emeagwali. com/nigeria/cuisine/igbo-new-yam-festival. html Robertico Rosendo croes. (2000), Anatomy of demand in international tourism, a case study of Aruba, Van Gorcum. ihttp://www. nasarawastatetourism. com/events/GbagyiGbogun. html Bob Mckercher, Hilary du cros. (2002), cultural tourism the partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management, U. S. A. the Haworth hospitality press. http://nigerianartatoyasaf. blogspot. com/2012/02/in-benin-igue-festival-2011-c elebrates. html Peter Robinson, Sine hietmann, peter Dieke. (2011), Research themes for tourism, UK, CAB international. http://www. onlinenigeria. com/festivals/? blurb=471 Milena Ivanovic. (2008), Cultural tourism, Cape Town, South Africa, Juta & company. ltd. ICOMOS AND UNWTO.

Spanish Adjectives Before or After the Noun

One of the first things you may be told when you start studying the Spanish adjective is that, unlike its English counterpart, it comes after the noun. But it doesnt take very much reading of Spanish to find out that the rule about word order is meant to be broken; it is actually quite common to place adjectives before nouns. Certainly, adjectives — especially descriptive adjectives (ones that describe a quality of something) — usually come after the noun, and sometimes they must. But there are some adjectives that preferably come before the noun, and even a few whose meanings change depending on where theyre placed. Here are some of the different types of adjectives and where you will find them: Nondescriptive Adjectives Most adjectives other than those that describe go before the noun. Sometimes these adjectives are classified by other names, such as possessive adjectives or determiners. pocos libros (few books)muchas palomas (many doves)mi casa (my house)esta mesa (this table)dos libros (two books) Colors Colors come after the noun. la flor roja (the red flower)la Casa Blanca (the White House) Adjectives Indicating Membership or Classification These include adjectives of nationality and various types of affiliation and nearly always come after the noun. Note that such adjectives arent capitalized in Spanish even when they are based on a proper noun such as the name of a country. la mujer ecuatoriana (the Ecuadoran woman)el sacerdote catà ³lico (the Catholic priest)el restaurante chino (the Chinese restaurant)el juez demà ³crata (the Democratic judge) Adjectives Modified by an Adverb or Phrase These come after the noun. la taza llena de agua (the cup full of water)el libro muy interesante (the very interesting book)la computadora bastante buena (the quite good computer) Multiple Adjectives When two or more adjectives of similar importance describe something, they go after the noun. la casa grande y cara (the big and expensive house)el zapato tradicional y barato (the traditional, cheap shoe) Adjectives of Appreciation By placing an adjective before the noun, you can sometimes indicate a degree of appreciation for that quality and/or emphasis. In English we sometimes do the same thing by using a word such as really or by a change in intonation. Often the distinction isnt ready translatable. Es un mà ºsico bueno .(Hes a good musician.) Es un buen mà ºsico. (Hes a really good musician.)la hermosa vista (the beautiful view)Hollywood, la ciudad de incontables pelà ­culas (Hollywood, the city of countless movies.) Adjectives Conveying Emotion It is very common to place adjectives that convey emotion or feelings before the noun: el inolvidable cantante (the unforgettable singer)un increà ­ble historia (an incredible story)una estupenda pelà ­cula (a stupendous movie) Sometimes, the fact that an adjective conveys emotion results in it having a different meaning, or at least a different English translation, depending on whether theyre placed before or after the noun. Generally, the adjectives placed after the noun have an objective meaning or one that carries little or no emotional content, while one placed before the noun can indicate something about how the speaker feels toward the person or thing being described. mi viejo amigo (my longtime friend), mi amigo viejo (my elderly friend)el gran canal (the grand canal), el canal grande  (the large canal)un hombre triste (a sad man), un triste hombre (a pathetic man) Reinforcing Adjectives Adjectives that reinforce the meaning of the noun, such as adjectives that go with the accompanying noun, often are placed before the noun. In many cases, one might also say that the purpose of these adjectives is less for describing the noun thats modified and more for conveying some sort of an emotion to it. una oscura noche (a dark night)el horrible monstruo (the horrible monster)la alta montaà ±a (the high mountain)la blanca nieve (the white snow) Another way of explaining such adjectives is that they point to an essential characteristic of what is being described: las verdes hojas (the green leaves)el delicado equilibrio (the delicate balance)sangre rojo (red blood) Key Takeaways Adjectives that are purely descriptive come after the nouns they refer to.Adjectives that are used for grammatical purposes other than describing the nature or state of the nouns they refer to, such as determiners, typically come before nouns.Many descriptive adjectives can come before or after the nouns they refer to; when placed before, they often impart an emotional quality to the description.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) - 959 Words

Michael Phelps; Living with ADHD Michael Phelps has a condition called attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or otherwise known as ADHD. Michael is one of the many people who have been diagnosed with this disorder. He has become a spokesperson to talk about the disorder and ways to find treatments that work for the individual. Medication isn’t the only treatment for this disorder. There are many natural treatments such as playing in sports. This disorder not only affects the person, but everyone around the person. Many people are diagnosed at a young age, so family is very helpful when working to find a treatment. The following are some details about ADHD. ADHD is a neurobehavioral disorder and has had many different names throughout history (Shea 7). This disease isn’t unique to the United States it can be found in every country in the world. There isn’t a good way to determine the disease . People with ADHD show signs of aggression, not being able to control their behavior, and inattentiveness. ADHD is not just a learning disease, it can be a physical and mental disease. An example of the mental part of the disease is symptoms such as spacing off in class and not understanding their teacher (Schaller 6). There are many different ways to help control this disease. Medication is one way to help people control the symptoms, but it only works for 70 to 80 percent of people (WebMD). The types of medications are the same for all children, teens, and adults.The strengthShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1710 Words   |  7 Pages Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD which is often referred to as childhood hyperactivity, it s a severe and chronic disorder for children. It is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, and affects 3% to 5% of the school-age population. Boys outnumber girls three or more to one. Children with ADHD can experience many behavioral difficulties that often manifest in the form of inattention, being easily distracted, being impulsive, and hyperactivity. As a result, children withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1744 Words   |  7 PagesI chose to research Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, otherwise known as ADHD, in culture and child development for the following reasons. First, it is important as educators that we understand the difference between restlessness and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Secondly, we must be conscious of the origins of ADHD, how to recognize it, the myths and prejudices against it, and kn ow the most appropriate intervention strategies. Educators must also realize that evenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1495 Words   |  6 Pagesoccasionally forget to do their homework, get fidgety when they lose interest in an activity, or speak out of turn during class time. 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The interaction of core ADHD symptoms with co-morbid problems and neuropsychological deï ¬ cits suggests that individuals with ADHD are likely to experience problems in academicRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)1259 Words   |  5 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly found disorder in children in the United States. Statistics show that the male to female ratio for children with ADHD is eight to one. 4.4 million Children between the ages four to seventeen have diagnosed with ADHD (Cheng Tina L et al.). African American children are at a higher risk for having ADHD. Caucasian children are least likely to have ADHD. 2.5 million children receive medication for ADHD, but African American childrenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1002 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract There are many disorders that are first diagnosed whether it is during infancy, childhood or adolescence. 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His parents got him tested by a doctor for ADHD. He is one of many kids in the United States who have been recognized as having it. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a major issue in the educationRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects almost 10% of American children between 13 and 18 years old, as well as 4% of U.S. adults over 18. Only a licensed mental health professional can provide an ADHD diagnosis, after a thorough evaluation. ADHD has three primary characteristics: Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Inattentive: Are effortlessly distracted, fail to catch details, are forgetful, and regularly switch activities. Find it difficult to focus

The Importance Of Animal Testing - 1779 Words

Did you know animal testing is cruel?, it puts animals lives in jeopardy and the tests are not always accurate, it needs to be stopped. Abraham once said â€Å"I am in favor of animal rights as well as human rights. That is the way of a whole human being† (https://www.consumerfreedom.com/2008/10/3754-abraham-lincoln-was-not-an-animal-rights-activist/). I do not believe animal testing is right, it hurts the animal and the experiments are not accurate, we should try to make this process more safe and calm for the animals as possible, alternatives should be discovered Although some people feel animals should be used for testing cosmetics and healthcare products because they open door to many new medical researches. Animals should not be used for†¦show more content†¦People have different feelings for animals, many look upon animals as companions while others view animals as a means for advancing medical techniques or furthering experimental research. However individuals perceive animals, the fact remains that animals are being exploited by research facilities and cosmetics companies all across the country and all around the world. Although humans often benefit from successful animal research, the pain, the suffering, and the deaths of animals are not worth the possible human benefits. Therefore animals should not be used in research or to test the safety of products. Although many people believe animal testing is good and can benefit humans, conversely the use of animals is seen by many in the medical field as necessary. While it is not ideal to cause harm to animals it is a safer way to test new products compared to testing them on humans. Animal testing is cruel and hurts innocent animals each day, the results of tests are not always successful, scientists should invest their money on other things that can make their tests more accurate and usable. Using animals as research experiments fail 94% of the time when tested on humans. The tests are not reliable. According toShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Animals For Animal Testing1754 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal research, also known as in vivo testing, is the use of animals for experiments. Experimentation on animals dates back to as early as 500 BC, making this form of medical education and research one of the most fundamental known to humans. Almost 400 years ago, a doctor named William Harvey used animals to discover how blood circulated in the body. This discovery is considered the spark of the scientific revolution in which many lives were saved all thanks to the help of animal testing. The modernRead MoreAnimal Research And Testing : The Importance Of Animal Testing1441 Words   |  6 Pagesfor scientists to better understand medical related issues, so they started to perform their hypothesized experiments on specific animals. The data recovered led to a discovery that certain species’ genetic, biological and behavioral characteristics closely resemble those of the human race, allowing us to replicate many symptoms of human conditions. Although animal experimentation may seem morally wrong, as one of the largest contributors to not only medical, but other advancements benefiting theRead MoreThe Importance Of Animal Testing857 Words   |  4 Pagescomes to animal testing. A considerable amount of people believe that examinations should be banned, others thin k it should be continued. According to NCBI, animals have been utilized repeatedly since 384 BC. This disagreement has been debated since before the 1920’s and is still continuing. The main opposing point of animal examinations, is the extent of the experiment used on the animal. But, if scientists did not take part in animal testing, humans safety would be in danger. Although animals shouldRead MoreImportance of Animal Testing804 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of animals in scientific research has made dramatic improvements in our understanding of the human race. Despite the controversies that surround this issue, without this process of testing it is certain that much of what is known today towards the quality and quantity of life would remain closed off to us. Over the years, scientists have gained the ability to solve medical problems, cure diseases, and develop vaccines all with the use of animals during scientific research. To believe thatRead MoreThe Importance Of Anim al Testing1240 Words   |  5 Pages Animal testing has long played a part in the science of testing, and it still plays a very important role in the medical world. Testing on animals in order to create a cure for AIDS is one thing, but testing on animals for human vanity is another. Animal testing is used to test the safety of a product. It has kept some very unsafe substances out of the cosmetic world. However, in this day in age, animal testing is not the only way to test the safety of a product. Animal testing in cosmetics hasRead MoreImportance Of Animal Testing1726 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing: Is it necessary? People take medicine, and they wear makeup. Most people own one or two or maybe more pets. Some people love their pets as if they were their own children. Pets are loved and taken care of. They are rescued and adopted. But do people know that they are treated the opposite in a laboratory? It is estimated that every year, 26 million animals are used for scientific and commercial testing in the United States. There are many reasons animals are used for testing. SomeRead MoreThe Importance Of Animal Testing1883 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal Testing is Essential On the other had, some individuals deem animal testing necessary for the furthering of the medical field. There have been illnesses and diseases that have been eradicated due to animal experimenting. One such disease a vaccine that was resulted by successful experimentation on animals to combat it is the poliomyelitis vaccine Continuing, one essential aspect to consider when evaluating the similarities between humans and animals is the amount shared genes. According toRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagespossibly the lives that were spent doing so. Those lives being the ones of animals tested in pharmaceutical settings to assure the safety of the product you just swallowed. It is difficult to justify the use of animals in this way, but when put simply we make the choice between putting human life, or the life of an animal on the line. While businesses have searched for other methods of testing, there is no more accurate way of testing toxicology than through a live host. Despite it not being the most idealRead MoreThe Effects Of Animal Testing Essay1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Animal Testing Animal testing is by far, inhumane and downright unacceptable. Although, there are various types of organizations that are pro-animal care, such as, Animal Welfare information center, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare and, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals or, PETA, all in which do their best to keep animal testing as humane as possible, there are alternatives for finding cures or testing the safety of certainRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1502 Words   |  7 Pagesthat animal testing is beneficial to the advancement of human knowledge, while animal rights’ activists claim that animal testing is not humane and violates animals’ rights. The controversy over animal testing is best understood as a disagreement about whether animal testing is beneficial to humans. Each year more than 100 million animals are killed in the U.S. Every country has a law that permits medical experimentation on animals. W hile some countries protect particular kinds of animals from

Transferability Of The Research Work Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Transferability Of The Research Work. Answer: Use of motivational techniques has been found to directly influence employee relationship and workplace productivity. Different motivational theories have also defined the link between motivation, and job satisfaction, leadership style, productivity and performance. There are motivational factors that influences productivity too such as the intrinsic/extrinsic motivation factors, cognition and environment (Zameer et al. 2014). The main purpose of this essay is to critically analyze a research by Guclu, H. and Guney (2017) on investigating the effect of motivation techniques used by managers to increase the productivity of their workers and commenting on the research finding by comparing it with different theoretical perspective and different factors associated with motivation. The key strength and weakness of the article is provide with valid explanation about confounding factors and biasness in research design. The essay also provides argument regarding areas of disagreement and rec ommends other approach to enhance the validity and transferability of the research work. In any research work, the main purpose of author is always to explain the significance of the research work and research hypothesis with explanation about current issues or gap in the topic area. This validates the research work and gives idea to the reader about the significance of the research question. Guclu, H. and Guney (2017) has set the scene for research by explanation about efficiency notions in workplace, factors and methodologies affecting efficiency and difference of motivation techniques and theories in increasing efficiency at workplace. Such explanation is commendable work by the researcher as they have started from wider perspective and gradually narrowed the discussion to give idea about the topic of interest in the research work. However, one limitation in this area is that the author has not presented any gap in past research work. While reviewing the article, it has been found that main research question was related to evaluating the managers perceptions towards e mployees in manufacturing companies. However, discrepancy has been seen in stating the research question/research hypothesis. This is because the author has mentioned evaluating managers towards employee in the abstract section, however in the research method section the author has mentioned about determining employees opinion regarding affecting impact of motivation tools used by the manager. For better simplicity, it is assumed that the main research questions was to evaluate employees perception regarding the effect of motivation tools used by managers. Going by the above thesis statement of the article, it can be said that author has chosen a good area of research. This is because employees can give the best idea about effect of motivational tools on improving workplace productivity. Leaders implement various strategies to motivate their employees, however the employees are the best source to tell the effectiveness of these strategies. Hence, I agree with the importance of the research question as it can give idea about the dimensions of leadership styles that can promote daily employee engagement in work. A study by Breevaart et al. (2014) has discussed about the role of leadership style on employee engagement. For instance, transformational leaders motivate their followers beyond expectation and workplace place with such leader may dramatically affect production. Just like this literature, the research question used by Guclu, and Guney (2017) might help to find out effect on leaders behavior on day-to-day procedures and followers outcome. Based on the thesis statement, data was collected from employees and managers working in fabric dying industries by means of survey based questionnaire. The first set of questionnaire gave idea about the age, gender, educational status and experience of the participants, whereas the second set gave idea about the opinion of employees about the motivation tools. The main criteria for choosing firm was that it must be medium scale firm with more than 50 employees. Out of 229 participants, 46 were managers and rest were workers (Guclu, and Guney 2017). The strength of the study is the manner in which the researcher has evaluated the baseline data of participants such as gender, educational status and education on perceptions about effect of motivation tools. On analyzing the results, it has been found that baseline data significantly affected the opinion of participants. For instance, the study mainly evaluated the perception of employees about three types of motivation tools such as ec onomic tools, psychosocial tools and the organizational and managerial tools. The study finding gave the indication that female mostly preferred the economic tools and psychosocial tools. However, no differentiation were found in terms of age group and educational status. In contrast, for the dimension of monthly income, it was found that participants perception differed for psychosocial and managerial tools. Psychosocial tool mostly has an impact on low income groups compared to the other income segment. This is relevant to the Maslow needs hierarchy theory where peoples behavior is motivated by their needs (Lester 2013). Hence, the low income group may be motivated by psychosocial intervention due to fulfill their innate hierarchical needs. From the review of the result, it can be said that the use of baseline parameters is the strength of the article as it has given answer to the research question. The role of leaders and organization in motivating employees is also understood from the outcome for assignment status as the participants assignment status were mostly affected by organizational and managerial tools. However, the same point also indicates the weakness of the organization (Guclu, and Guney 2017). For example, as the purpose of this research was to investigate about the effect of motivational tools used by the manager in affected employee performance, hence the study result should have given more idea about the intrinsic/extrinsic motivation on affecting employees motivation to perform. The research by Yidong and Xinxin (2013) focused on this point by investigating about intrinsic motivation factors that helps leaders to influence employees work behavior. The study with workers from China gave the idea that i nnovative work behavior was related to employees perception of leadership and relation between managers and leaders were mediated by intrinsic motivation factors. Therefore, the study confirmed that ethical leadership facilitates attitude and behavior change in workplace. It is also recommended that managers should develop ethical leadership style as such leader implement morality in workplace and respect followers dignity and empower them to change their work performance (Srivastava and Barmola 2012). Another strength of the article is the manner in which the study was conducted and the study was analysed. Consideration of appropriate sampling technique and inclusion criteria is also critical to increase the quality of the research study. For instance, the study findings were also enhanced by considering about frequency variance in the study outcome. The gap in variance gave idea about the strength of the study. However, no specialized sampling technique was used, the only criteria was to choose medium size firm. While preparing survey questionnaire too, the focus was on collecting demographic data and research hypothesis related data. In the research by Demerouti et al., (2014) investigating about selective optimization process in improving job performance, the researcher focused on having two separate questionnaires for employee and managers. The questionnaire were also code numbered to provide anonymity to the research data. I feel that (Guclu, and Guney 2017) should have also used such approach to further increase the quality of the research work. The main conclusion from the reviewing the research finding is that I agree with author regarding using useful strategies in some point however I could also find certain weak points. For instance, the above discussion pointed to the limitations in the framing of research questionnaire, sampling technique and lack of consideration about factors affecting motivation. Secondly, agreement was found also regarding the role of education status in participations perception about motivation tools. The advantage of having highly qualified workers is that they have the knowledge and judgment level to significantly understand the motivation process. They are more conscious about type of motivation tools used in organization too. The research by Dysvik and Kuvaas, (2013) also proved that achievement goals and method of receiving performance feedback differs in different individual due to educational status of employees. Hence, focusing on qualification of employee is crucial in the motivation pr ocess and planning about workplace productivity. The essay critically analyzed the research conducted by Guclu and Guney (2017) inquiring about the perceptions of workers related to the use of motivation tools by the work manager. The key strength and weakness of the article was analysed with respect to the research question and the comparison with relevant research literatures. The main strength was the consideration of baseline data of the participants and the weakness was not evaluating personality traits and its impact on motivation process. The key recommendation to improve the research work is that the author should have focused on using different set of questionnaire for managers and employers to evaluate different areas regarding motivational tools. Secondly, the questionnaire for managers could also include personality traits as this can further enhance the research data. The research by Lounsbury et al. (2016) focused on personality trait of managers by applying the Big Five Personality traits. Future research work can fo cus on this area. References Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O.K. and Espevik, R., 2014. Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement.Journal of occupational and organizational psychology,87(1), pp.138-157. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B. and Leiter, M., 2014. Burnout and job performance: The moderating role of selection, optimization, and compensation strategies.Journal of occupational health psychology,19(1), p.96. Dysvik, A. and Kuvaas, B., 2013. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as predictors of work effort: The moderating role of achievement goals.British Journal of Social Psychology,52(3), pp.412-430. Guclu, H. and Guney, S., 2017. The Effect of the Motivation Techniques Used by Managers to Increase the Productivity of their Workers and an Application. Lester, D., 2013. Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Psychological Reports,113(1), pp.15-17. Srivastava, S.K. and Barmola, K.C., 2012. Role of motivation in higher productivity.Management Insight,7(1). Yidong, T. and Xinxin, L., 2013. How ethical leadership influence employees innovative work behavior: A perspective of intrinsic motivation.Journal of Business Ethics,116(2), pp.441-455. Zameer, H., Ali, S., Nisar, W. and Amir, M., 2014. The impact of the motivation on the employees performance in beverage industry of Pakistan.International journal of academic research in accounting, finance and management sciences,4(1), pp.293-298.

Master of Education for Social-Emotional- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMaster of Education for Social-Emotional and Learning. Answer: Conceptualisation of the study The article focuses on the social-emotional and learning competencies in the early years of children in Australia. According to Whiteford, Walker Berthelsen (2013), the relationship between the special health care needs and social-emotional needs are critically analysed. However, the article focuses more on the male population of Australia rather than the female population of the country. The article focuses on the importance of early childhood as it is believed to be the initial stage of development. Walker et al., (2012) aimed at identifying the relationship between students and teachers in the early years of development. The importance of moral lessons is an important factor for the development of children in the society. A similar article analyses the opportunities of study that the socio-economically disadvantaged people receive. Bierman et al., (2008) in his article modernisation and medication have identified five executive functions that can help in developing the education practice of these people and intervene in the methods of the schools. The article strategically analyses the reasons behind the fall in the education of these ethnic group. The purpose of the study is to identify the factors that hinder the growth and development of children. Lewis Olsson (2011) stated that the temperament of an individual could prevent the development of depression even after a stressful infant environment. The article highlights the importance of a stress-free infant life for the development of a proper individual. Malti et al., (2013) aimed to study the effects of parental support to sympathy and moral emotion of the children. The study identified socioeconomic status, ethnicity and the parental-marital reation that exists among the individuals. The article provides a comprehensive analysis and variation in the effects of parental support for the development of early childhood mentality. The study focuses on the special heath care programmes that are required to be developed in a child. This is important in order to understand the mentality of the children. The reasons such as parental instability, growth and the marital status of the children resulted in the decline heath among children. On the other hand, the ability of a child to d evelop oneself was not considered as the reason for the health issue. In this regard, a similar article can be related that focuses on the effects of pre-schooling obesity and the parenting styles adopted by the parents. The behaviour patterns of the parents were analysed concerning the health of the schoolchildren in the early years. However, the behaviour of the fathers was only analysed in determining the behaviours of the parents. Wake et al., (2007) have highlighted similar health issues in the book paediatricians. The purpose of the article is to identify characteristic of the people of Australia and the characteristics that are possessed by the children in order to develop a healthy life. (Turney Kao, 2009). The study analyses the opportunities received at health level by the children and the ways by which the parents seek the opportunity to provide a proper life to the children. Hence, in order to verify this, a school transition model is used in order to identify the difference. The study also discusses the involvement of the children in treatment plans. In most cases, it has been seen that the nature of treatment provided to the children create a sense of compliance among them. The study underlines the importance of daily treatment of the children that feel insecure in the treatment. Hence, the article focuses on the relationship between the children with the classrooms of the pre-school days including teachers, tasks and peers. The health treatment is based on the engagement that the chi ldren have with the teachers of the early lives rather than after the development stage (Williford et al., 2013). Identifying and evaluating appropriateness of research design In order to conduct the research in a successful manner, the research design chosen is the sampling analysis. The sample has been collected from the Kindergarten Cohort of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. The fact that the study uses two cohorts in order to analyse the results provides clarity to the research and draw in more respondents for the sample population. The study took into account 650 children that resided in Australia and had been in the early development stage. The article states that the health and medical system in Australia is different from that of the United States and the United Kingdom. Positive criticism about the acceptance of help from the teachers for the intervention purpose was provided after analysing various schools and its processes. The research was conducted in Australia taking a community sample of children. The residents of the country was analysed in order to attain the objective of the research. However, it had also been stated that a specific research design is missing that could have helped in the successful completion of the research. The assessment of the research was carried out by using cross-sequential research design. The research invited infants and kindergarteners to participate in a school programme test that was conducted for identifying the health of the children. The article provided qualification criteria that helped in restricting the application of a huge number of teachers. However, a proper research design was not applied that highlighted the exact application of the research. Due to this, a greater fluctuation occurred in the qualification level. The use of ANOVA and SPSS has also encountered fluctuating results. The research design comprised of a collection of secondary data in the initial phrase. The study consisted of over 5000 infants residing in Australia and a kindergarten cohort of over 4800. The data was gathered from a reliable source known as the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. The kindergarten children were more likely in the years that aged between four and five years of age. It can be said that the research design consisted of both primary as well as secondary for effectively understanding the subject. Sedhu Choy (2016) stated that an appropriate research design is needed in order to estimate the ideas that can be applied in the research. The present research article was conducted after a survey of female teachers in various l evels of school. Questionnaire method was applied in order to understand the responses of the people regarding the research topic. The design for conducting the research involved children ranging between 4 to 5 years of age. The height and weight of these children were analysed. The sample size was collected from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Children born between March 1999 and February were selected randomly. Hence, other children before or after this time were neglected which is a criticism of the article. The research lacked the specific use of design in order to provide proper evidence about undertaking the research. However, the data were collected as a secondary method that focused on the association between pre-kindergarteners and the development of the outcomes. However, the quality of childcare provided cannot be measured in the secondary collection of data. The research analyses the importance of formulating a proper design for the conducting a research. Many quantitative studies exist that contribute to a successful completion of a research. According to Mertens (2014), the designs form a range of categories that create an impact on the data collection method required for the research. The proper research design required for identifying the research is absent from the analysis. The participants, however, were drawn from pre-school classrooms and involved in the survey. The half-day meeting was enough to provide questionnaire and collect the necessary feedback for completing th e study (Miller et al., 2017). Describing data analysis process As stated by Armstrong et al., (2017), data analysis process needs to be simple and provide clarity. The study uses descriptive analysis as well as ANOVA test to conduct the research. The use of the descriptive analysis helps to identify the differences that exist in the variables between children requiring special health care and cohorts. The ANOVA test helps to provide statistical analysis of the problem. An online survey was conducted of teachers with an experience of teaching children between 5 to 8 years of age. Coles (2013) stated that the only criticism that could be identified is the fact that female respondents were more than the male respondents were. The age range of the respondents proved as a challenging factor as children and infants were ranging from 4 to 5 years of age applying for the process. The data was analysed by taking into consideration 5107 infants and 4983 kindergarten cohorts. The children were target were 4-year olds who constituted the minority of the pop ulation of the country. The article also saw a rejection of at least 14 families that participated in the survey. The similarity of the analysis can be based on a similar article in which the sample was based on the random selection of infants and of children ranging from age groups 3 and 9 months. This is a drawback of the research, as the researcher had not considered the privacy of the people while collecting the survey. Thus, the researcher violated the ethical consideration of the code of privacy. One of the biggest positives about the research was the fact that it had worked in an ethical manner by obtaining the written permission of the participants. In this research, about 175 children were chosen from age ranging from 6 years, 7 years and 8 years. Apart from this, 175 caregivers were also selected in order to understand the effectiveness of parental support. The data was collected at each wave consisting of multiple informants. These informants included the children, parents, caregivers and teachers. The interview method took about one hour to complete along with providing questionnaire s. The data was analysed under ANOVA test. The sum of the related level was computed and comparisons were made depending upon the responses. Face to face, the interview was conducted in the homes of the children in order to understand the effectiveness of the topic (Hubbs-Tait et al., 2014). The parents were also asked to complete a questionnaire for the topic. Thus, the article used both primary as well as secondary research for the proper analysis. In order to conduct the research in an efficient manner, the study focused on collecting the analytical sample of 10,090 children. The research used the developmental stage of the children from the initial phase until the time they completed a year in kindergarten. Hence, participants were rejected that did not show an interest in participation. The article provides a guideline for the nurses in order to understand researchers in a systematic manner. Hence, data analysis is not conducted as the sample size is not identified. This can be considered as a negative criticism as data analysis process is an important factor for conducting research in an effective manner and conducting a statistical analysis. Certain measures were taken in order to identify the relevant outcome related to the health and safety of the infants. Some of the methods included social-emotional competence, learning competence and Paediatric Quality of life. In order to derive positive results, SPSS 18 software was used and the ANOVA test was conducted to identify the characteristics of the Australian children. A matched case control design was used in order to investigate the differences that exist between the children and the health care goods. Discussing finding Due to the statistical analysis of the data, a convenient result of the topic can be provided. The findings can be compared with results obtained from other research and discussion regarding the difference between the two cohorts can be analysed. Hence, the article is useful for evaluating the concept. Despite the excess number of applicants, the results provided a positive indication about the beliefs of the people in the early years with that of the modern day. Most of the respondents suggested that the children are capable of identifying the right from wrong. Hence, this indicates a lack of clarity of response on behalf of the respondents. The results formulated from the analysis provide a development of the formation of cognitive and social-emotional school readiness among the children. The positive criticism of the article is the fact that it demonstrated the importance of preventive intervention in the regulatory system of the schools. The promotion of the regulatory system can be done using these discussions. The result showed that the stress encountered in early childhood and the temperament of an individual contributes to the existence of anxiety and stress of an individual. The results were derived using SPSS method and provided a clear justification about the effects temperament has on an individual. Hence, the objective of the study had been met despite ethical drawback. The result showed that the children in the highly stable emotional group displayed more signs of higher parental support. The age factor of the children does not matter since the emotion of the children is well received and support for the development of the children causes more sympathy attitude for them. Unlike other studies, the aim of the research was to analyse the impact of burnout on the female teachers. Hence, no such comparisons were made that highlighted the difference between factors that affect male teachers and female teachers. The study provided a detailed analysis of the factors that lead to the rise falling of health in the children, particularly of the infants of Australia. Evidence from the research showed that low involvement of the fathers resulted in the overweight of the children. The findings were unexpected but as predicted by scholars this has helped in providing a strong opinion of the topic. The analysis of the article can also be related to the extension of the school transition model verifies that the immigrants and the minorities belonging to Hispanic or Asian origin receive education from an early age like the white counterparts. However, in most countries, economic barriers arise due to the imbalance of these populations and ethnic people. The discussions need to flow in a logical manner depending upon the results. The article provides a comprehensive detail about the findings that the researcher need to undertake in order to identify the factors that result in the completion of the topic. Along with the findings, conclusions and recommendations can also be provided in order to strengthen the value of the research. The expectation from the result was that the children might have a positive impact form the early exposure to education and the engagement with teachers. The result was satisfactory as most of the involvement with the students results in the proper mind f rame of the individuals. The interaction between the children results in gaining compliance and control of self. Task orientation of the children improved because of such engagement. Multiple linear regressions were conducted in order to understand the domain of the 6-7 year old children and identify the relationship that exists in having a special care need. This is done before entering school level. Every variable that leads to child health concern are analysed. Bibliography Armstrong, B. K., Gillespie, J. A., Leeder, S. R., Rubin, G. L., Russell, L. M. (2017). Challenges in health and health care for Australia.Medical Journal of Australia,187(9), 485. Bierman, K. L., Nix, R. L., Greenberg, M. T., Blair, C., Domitrovich, C. E. (2008). Executive functions and school readiness intervention: Impact, moderation, and mediation in the Head Start REDI program.Development and psychopathology,20(3), 821-843. Coles, R. (2013). The moral intelligence of children.Family Court Review,36(1), 90-95. Coughlan, M., Cronin, P., Ryan, F. (2007). Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 1: quantitative research.British journal of nursing,16(11), 658-663. Duncan, G. J., Dowsett, C. J., Claessens, A., Magnuson, K., Huston, A. C., Klebanov, P., ... Sexton, H. (2017). School readiness and later achievement.Developmental psychology,43(6), 1428. Fitzpatrick, C., Pagani, L. S. (2013). Task-oriented kindergarten behavior pays off in later childhood.Journal of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics,34(2), 94-101. Foa, E. B., Keane, T. M., Friedman, M. J., Cohen, J. A. (Eds.). (2017).Effective treatments for PTSD: practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Guilford Press. Haidt, J. (2013). The moral emotions.Handbook of affective sciences,11, 852-870. Hubbs-Tait, L., Mobley, A., Kimble, A., Hayes, J., Dickin, K., Sigman-Grant, M. (2014). Relation of control in parenting and feeding styles to child overweight and obesity.The FASEB Journal,28(1), 807-812. Lewis, A. J., Olsson, C. A. (2011). Early life stress and child temperament style as predictors of childhood anxiety and depressive symptoms: findings from the longitudinal study of Australian children.Depression research and treatment,2011. Malti, T., Eisenberg, N., Kim, H., Buchmann, M. (2013). Developmental trajectories of sympathy, moral emotion attributions, and moral reasoning: The role of parental support.Social Development,22(4), 773-793. Mertens, D. M. (2014).Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage publications. Miller, P., Votruba-Drzal, E., McQuiggan, M., Shaw, A. (2017). Pre-K classroom-economic composition and childrens early academic development.Journal of Educational Psychology,109(2), 149. Mukundan, J., Ahour, T. (2011). Burnout among female teachers in Malaysia.Journal of International Education Research,7(3), 25. Sedhu, D. S., Choy, S. C. (2016). Perceptions of stress among female teachers enrolled in postgraduate programmes in a Malaysian university. InTARC International Conference on Learning and Teaching(pp. 1-4). Turney, K., Kao, G. (2009). Pre-kindergarten child care and behavioral outcomes among children of immigrants.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,24(4), 432-444. Wake, M., Nicholson, J. M., Hardy, P., Smith, K. (2007). Preschooler obesity and parenting styles of mothers and fathers: Australian national population study.Pediatrics,120(6), e1520-e1527. Walker, S., Brownlee, J., Whiteford, C., Cobb-Moore, C., Johansson, E., Ailwood, J., Boulton-Lewis, G. (2012). Early years teachers epistemic beliefs and beliefs about childrens moral learning.Teachers and Teaching,18(2), 263-275. Whiteford, C., Walker, S., Berthelsen, D. (2013). Australian children with special health care needs: social-emotional and learning competencies in the early years.International Journal of Early Childhood,45(1), 35-50. Williford, A. P., Vick Whittaker, J. E., Vitiello, V. E., Downer, J. T. (2013). Children's engagement within the preschool classroom and their development of self-regulation.Early Education Development,24(2), 162-187.